Carrie (novel)

Carrie

First-edition cover
Author	Stephen King
Language	English
Genre	Horror
Publisher	Doubleday
Publication date	April 5, 1974
Publication place	United States
Media type	Print (hardcover)
Pages	199
ISBN	978-0-385-08695-0

Carrie is a 1974 horror novel by American author Stephen King. Set in the town of Chamberlain, Maine, the plot revolves around Carrie White, a friendless high school girl from an abusive religious household who discovers she has telekinetic powers. After a cruel prank pulled by one of her bullies on prom night, Carrie decides to take revenge.

Background

At the time of writing Carrie, King lived in a trailer in Hermon, Maine with his wife Tabitha and two children. He had a job teaching English at Hampden Academy, and wrote short stories for men's magazines such as Cavalier. King wrote Carrie with the intention of submitting it as a short story for Cavalier following a friend's suggestion that he write a story about a female character.

The story originated with King's visualization of the initial shower scene, as well as an article from Life about telekinesis, but King found it difficult to connect with the character and abandoned the manuscript. Tabitha retrieved the pages from the trash and convinced King to continue writing the story with input from her. King found he was ultimately able to empathize with Carrie through his recollections of two girls he had known. One was constantly abused at school due to her family's poverty. The other was a timid girl from a devoutly religious family.

Carrie, King's first novel, was published on April 5, 1974, with a print run of 30,000 copies, and a paperback edition was published by New American Library in April 1975. The paperback edition became a best seller, particularly after the release of the 1976 film adaptation, reaching four million sales. The novel received generally positive reviews, both contemporaneously and retrospectively. Carrie, King's debut novel, helped launch his career and achieve him mainstream success. It has also been credited with reviving mainstream interest in horror fiction and being influential among contemporary horror writers. Three film adaptations have been released, with one getting a sequel, and a musical adaptation was released in 1988.

Plot

In 1979, Carietta "Carrie" White, a 16-year-old girl in Chamberlain, Maine, is ridiculed for her weight, her clothes and the unusual religious beliefs instilled by her despotic mother Margaret. One day, while showering after physical education class, Carrie has her first period. Carrie is terrified, as Margaret has never taught her about menstruation. While Carrie panics, her classmates, led by a popular girl named Chris Hargensen, mock her and throw tampons and sanitary napkins. The gym teacher, Rita Desjardin, intervenes and sends Carrie home. On the way, Carrie practices her unusual ability to control objects from a distance. She recalls first using this power spontaneously when she was three, causing stones to fall from the sky as a response to abuse from her mother. When Carrie gets home and tells her mother what has happened, Margaret furiously accuses Carrie of sin and locks her in a closet.

The next day, Desjardin reprimands the girls who bullied Carrie and gives them a week's detention. Chris refuses to comply and is punished with suspension and exclusion from the prom. After her influential father fails to reinstate her, Chris decides to take revenge on Carrie. Another girl involved in the incident, Sue Snell, wanting to make amends for her part in the bullying, asks her boyfriend, Tommy, to invite Carrie to the prom. Carrie is suspicious at first, but accepts and begins to sew her prom dress. Meanwhile, Chris persuades her boyfriend Billy and his gang of greasers to gather two buckets of pig's blood as she prepares to rig the prom queen election in Carrie's favor.

The prom initially goes well for Carrie: Tommy's friends are welcoming, and Tommy feels a genuine liking for Carrie, who looks beautiful in her home-made prom dress. For the first time in the novel, Carrie feels accepted by her peer group. But Chris has rigged the election, causing Carrie and Tommy to be elected prom queen and king. At the moment of the coronation, Chris, who is hiding in the wings, releases the buckets of pig's blood over the stage. Tommy is hit by one of the buckets and collapses. Carrie, humiliated and in shock, leaves the building to the laughter of the other students.

Outside, Carrie, out of control, enacts vengeance on her tormentors. Using her powers, she seals the gym and activates the sprinkler system, inadvertently electrocuting many of her classmates, and causing a fire that eventually ignites the school's fuel tanks, destroying the building in a massive explosion. Only a few staff and students, including Desjardin, narrowly escape. Carrie thwarts incoming efforts to fight the fire by opening the hydrants within the school's vicinity, then destroys gas stations and cuts power lines on her way home. She unleashes her telekinetic powers on the entire town, destroying several buildings and killing hundreds of people. As she does this, she broadcasts a telepathic message, signalling to the townspeople that she is the cause of the mayhem.

Carrie then returns home to Margaret, who believes Carrie has been possessed by Satan and must be killed. Margaret tells her that her conception was a result of sin. She stabs Carrie with a kitchen knife, but Carrie uses her powers to stop Margaret's heart. Mortally wounded, Carrie makes her way to the roadhouse, where she sees Chris and Billy leaving town. After Billy attempts to run over Carrie, she takes control of his car and sends it into a wall.

Sue finds the dying Carrie in the parking lot, and the two exchange a brief telepathic contact. Carrie, who believed that Sue and Tommy had set up the prank, now realizes they were innocent. She dies, crying out for her mother. A state of emergency is declared and the survivors make plans to relocate. Desjardin and the school's principal blame themselves for the disaster and resign from teaching. Sue publishes a memoir based on her experiences. A report investigating paranormal abilities concludes that there will be others like Carrie.

As the novel ends, an Appalachian woman enthusiastically writes a letter to her sister about her baby daughter's telekinetic powers and reminisces about their grandmother, who had similar abilities.

Style and themes

Carrie is a horror novel as well as an example of supernatural and gothic fiction. It is in part an epistolary novel: the narrative is organized around a framing device consisting of multiple narrators, and a collection of reports and excerpts in approximate chronological order. It has been argued that this structure is used to indicate that no particular viewpoint, scientific or otherwise, can explain Carrie and the prom night event.

Carrie deals with themes of ostracism, bullying, coming-of-age and the consequences of not conforming to societal norms. A driving force of the novel is Carrie's first period in the shower. Following the massacre, Sue is subject to the same exclusion as Carrie, despite her altruistic motives. John Kerrigan and Victoria Madden have both observed that throughout the novel, Carrie is often associated with the pig, which are considered "disgusting" animals.

Another theme is vengeance. Kerrigan considers Carrie to be an example of a revenge tragedy. Ray B. Browne argues that the novel serves as a "revenge fantasy", while novelist Charles L. Grant has stated that "[Stephen] King uses the evil/victim device for terror". Some scholars have argued that Carrie is a social commentary. Linda J. Holland-Toll has stated that "Carrie is about disaffirmation because society makes the human monster, cannot control the monster, yet still denies the possibility of actual monster existence while simultaneously defining humans as monsters".

Stephen King, the author of Carrie, pictured c. 1974

Publication

The cover for the 1975 paperback edition of Carrie does not feature the title or the author's name.

King's manuscript for Carrie was given to editor Bill Thompson in November 1973. Seeing potential in the novel, Thompson convinced Lee Barker, executive editor of Doubleday, to accept it. In 1973, after much revision, advanced copies of Carrie were sent to salesmen to secure an advance. Eventually, the novel was approved for an advance of $1,500. Thompson convinced Doubleday to boost the advance to $2,500, moderately high for a debut novel at the time, and it was announced to King via telegram. With a print run of 30,000 copies, the hardback edition of Carrie was ultimately published on April 5, 1974. Although Carrie was marketed as an "occult" novel, trade reviewers called it a horror novel, unusual for the time.

On May 3, 1974, Carrie was received by the publishing company New English Library and was read overnight by president Bob Tanner. Tanner sent a copy to the parent company, New American Library, which then offered Doubleday $400,000 for rights to mass-market paperback publication of Carrie, of which King received $200,000. New English Library published Carrie in May 1974, and New American Library published Carrie under its Signet Books imprint in April 1975. With the goal of persuading the reader to buy the book, New American Library designed the novel to be "double-covered". The original cover of the paperback edition did not feature the title or the author's name; it consisted of the face of a girl in front of a silhouette. Behind the cover was a two-page picture of New England on fire, with the title and author's name on the far right. New American Library planned for the girl's silhouette to be scored to allow the reader to see the burning New England picture. The printers refused to produce the technique, and the edition was published without the scoring. Since initial publication, Carrie has remained in continual print and has been published throughout Europe. On March 26, 2024, a British publishing company Hodder & Stoughton published the 50th anniversary edition of Carrie, which included a new introduction by Margaret Atwood.

Reception

The hardback edition of Carrie sold modestly; it was not an instant best seller. Sources of the number of sales for the hardback edition vary, ranging from 13,000 copies to 17,000 copies. In contrast, the paperback edition sold well. In its first year, the edition sold one million copies. The sales were bolstered by the 1976 film adaptation, totaling four million sales.In 1976 Carrie became a New York Times best seller, debuting on the list in December and remaining on it for 14 weeks, peaking at number 3.

Carrie received generally positive reviews and has become a fan favorite. Several critics considered it an impressive literary debut. Harold C. Schonberg, writing as Newgate Callendar for The New York Times, stated that despite being a debut novel, "King writes with the kind of surety normally associated only with veteran writers". The Daily Times-Advocate's Ina Bonds called Carrie an "admirable achievement" for a first novel, and Kirkus Reviews wrote that "King handles his first novel with considerable accomplishment and very little hokum". Bob Cormier from the Daily Sentinel & Leominster Enterprise wrote that the novel could have failed because of the subject matter, but did not, and thus found King to be "no ordinary writer".

Various critics wrote that the plot will scare readers, with Library Journal declaring the novel "a terrifying treat for both horror and parapsychology fans". Mary Schedl of The San Francisco Examiner wrote that Carrie "goes far beyond the usual limitations of the [horror] genre" to deliver a message about humanity. Publishers Weekly praised the novel for its sympathetic portrayal of Carrie. Both Joy Antos of Progress Bulletin and Gary Bogart of Wilson Library Journal wrote of enjoying Carrie despite the foregone conclusion. Nonetheless, Booklist stated that reading the novel required a "willing suspension of disbelief and taste".

Retrospectively, Carrie has received appraisal. Michael R. Collings and Adam Nevill declared that the plot holds up decades after publication. Collings attributed it to focus and conciseness, and Nevill attributed it to the characterization and structure. In his literary analysis, Rocky Wood called the plot "remarkably short but compelling". Michael Berry of Common Sense Media lauded the characterization and said that the epistolary structure "lend[s] a sense of realism to the outlandish proceedings". While both Grady Hendrix and James Smythe similarly praised the story, Hendrix felt that the writing was awkward much of the time, and Smythe found the epistolary-style extracts to be the "worst [and slowest] parts of the novel". Although Harold Bloom found the characterization and style to be unremarkable, he thought the novel had strong imagery and said that "Carrie at the prom scene ... is a marvelous culmination of melodrama."

Legacy

See also: Carrie (franchise)

Brian De Palma

Sissy Spacek

De Palma (pictured 1991) is the director of the 1976 film adaptation, and Spacek (pictured 2010) is the lead actress. The success of the adaptation factored into both the novel and King's commercial success.

Carrie launched King's career as an author; the $200,000 King received when Carrie was accepted for mass-market publication allowed King to quit his job as a teacher and become a full-time author. The novel established King as a horror writer who wrote about "the supernatural, the dark, and the bizarre". Following Carrie's publication, King underwent a six-month period of prolific writing. During this period, King wrote rough drafts for Blaze and 'Salem's Lot, the latter of which became his second published novel, being published in 1975. Both Carrie and its 1976 film adaptation brought King into the mainstream, and he has since become one of the most successful authors in the modern era, with his novels consistently becoming best sellers.

For decades prior to the 1970s, horror literature had not been in the mainstream; Carrie is credited as one of four novels to create a contemporary mainstream interest in horror literature. This interest was especially bolstered by the subsequent adaptation. Carrie has been influential among contemporary writers, with writers such as Sarah Pinborough, James Smythe, and Sarah Lotz claiming to be influenced by Carrie. Joanne Harris refers to her 2023 novel, Broken Light, as "an homage to Carrie". The prom scene when Carrie is covered in pig blood has been referenced in pop culture, with examples including Monsters University, My Little Pony comics, and horror media such as It Follows, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Treehouse of Horror. Author Jeff VanderMeer said of Carrie's influence:

Carrie changed the paradigm by announcing a very American form of horror that broke with the past. That process might've been ongoing anyway, but a lot of horror and weird fiction was still in a kind of post-MR James/Lovecraft mode of parchment and shadowy alleys and half-seen horrors, and here was King dropping buckets of blood over everything and making characterisation both more relaxed and more contemporary. But just as sophisticated, if more naturalistic, less stylised.

Carrie has received three film adaptations and a musical adaptation. The first, directed by Brian De Palma and starring Sissy Spacek in the title role, was released on November 3, 1976, to critical acclaim and commercial success, and is considered a noteworthy example of 1970s horror films and a major contributing factor to King's success. A sequel to the 1976 film adaptation titled The Rage: Carrie 2 was released in 1999 to mixed reviews. From May 12 to 15, 1988, a musical adaptation was performed five times by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Virginia Theater before closing. It was a commercial and critical failure, losing more than $7 million, among the most expensive failures by Broadway theatre. A 2002 film adaptation received negative reviews, and a 2013 film adaptation received mixed reviews. An off-Broadway revival of the musical was performed from March 1 to April 8, 2012. The television series Riverdale aired an episode titled "Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember" in 2018 based on the musical. In 2024, Mike Flanagan was announced to be helming a television adaptation of the novel with Amazon MGM Studios.

See also

• The Fury, a 1976 novel with a similar premise and its 1978 film adaptation, also directed by De Palma
• Jennifer, a 1978 film with a similar premise

Sources

• Barron, Neil, ed. (June 1999). Fantasy and Horror: A Critical and Historical Guide to Literature, Illustration, Film, TV, Radio, and the Internet. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-81083-596-2.
• Beahm, George (September 1998). Stephen King From A to Z: An Encyclopedia of His Life and Work. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-83626-914-7.
• Beahm, George (October 6, 2015). The Stephen King Companion: Four Decades of Fear from the Master of Horror. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-25008-131-5.
• Bloom, Harold, ed. (2007). Stephen King. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-0-79109-317-7.
• Browne, Ray Broadus (1987). The Gothic World of Stephen King: Landscape of Nightmares. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-411-5.
• Collings, Michael R. (1996). The Work of Stephen King: An Annotated Bibliography & Guide. Borgo Press. ISBN 978-0-80951-520-2.
• Cowan, Douglas E. (June 12, 2018). America's Dark Theologian: The Religious Imagination of Stephen King. New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-47981-446-6.
• Gresh, Lois H.; Weinberg, Robert (August 31, 2007). The Science of Stephen King: From Carrie to Cell, The Terrifying Truth Behind the Horror Master's Fiction. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-47178-247-6.
• Holland-Toll, Linda J. (June 15, 2001). As American as Mom, Baseball, and Apple Pie: Constructing Community in Contemporary American Horror Fiction. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-852-6.
• Ingebretsen, Edward J. (May 6, 1996). Maps of Heaven, Maps of Hell: Religious Terror as Memory from the Puritans to Stephen King. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-76563-623-2.
• Kerrigan, John (April 18, 1996). Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon. Clarendon Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184515.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19818-451-5.
• King, Stephen (2000). On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Scribner. ISBN 978-1-43919-363-1.
• Lant, Kathleen Margaret; Thompson, Theresa, eds. (1998). Imagining The Worst: Stephen King and the Representation of Women. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-31330-232-9.
• Marshall, Helen (May 2020). "A Snapshot of an Age: The Publication History of Carrie". The Journal of Popular Culture. 53 (2): 284–302. doi:10.1111/jpcu.12897. S2CID 218941970. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
• Underwood, Tim; Miller, Chuck, eds. (1985). Fear Itself: The Horror Fiction of Stephen King. New American Library. ISBN 978-0-45200-684-3.
• Underwood, Tim; Miller, Chuck, eds. (1986). Kingdom of Fear: The World of Stephen King. New American Library. ISBN 978-0-45116-635-7.
• Reino, Joseph (1988). Stephen King: The First Decade, Carrie to Pet Sematary. Boston Public Library. ISBN 978-0-80577-512-9.
• Winter, Douglas E. (1989). The Art of Darkness: The Life and Fiction of the Master of the Macabre, Stephen King. New English Library. ISBN 978-0-45049-475-8.
• Wood, Rocky (April 11, 2011). Stephen King: A Literary Companion. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-78648-546-8.

Further reading

• Shih, Paris Shun-Hsiang. "Fearing the Witch, Hating the Bitch: The Double Structure of Misogyny in Stephen King's Carrie" in Perceiving Evil: Evil Women and the Feminine (Brill, 2015) pp. 49–58.

External links

• Official website for Carrie the Musical
• Identification characteristics for first edition copies of Carrie
• Carrie at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database